Preventing HIV among young people: research priorities for the future.

J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013 Jul;63 Suppl 2:S155-60. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31829871fb.
Pettifor A, Bekker LG, Hosek S, DiClemente R, Rosenberg M, Bull SS, Allison S,
Delany-Moretlwe S, Kapogiannis BG, Cowan F; HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 
Adolescent Scientific Committee.

OBJECTIVE: To review the current state of knowledge on the prevention of sexual
transmission of HIV in adolescents and to highlight the existing gaps and
priority areas for future research.
BACKGROUND: A disproportionate burden of HIV infections falls on adolescents, a
developmental stage marked by unique neural, biological, and social transition.
Successful interventions are critical to prevent the spread of HIV in this
vulnerable population.
METHODS: We summarized the current state of research on HIV prevention in
adolescents by providing examples of successful interventions and best practices,
and highlighting current research gaps.
RESULTS: Adolescent interventions fall into 3 main categories: biomedical,
behavioral, and structural. The majority of current research has focused on
individual behavior change, whereas promising biomedical and structural
interventions have been largely understudied in adolescents. Combination
prevention interventions may be particularly valuable to this group.
CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents have unique needs with respect to HIV prevention, and,
thus, interventions should be designed to most effectively reach out to this
population with information and services that will be relevant to them.

PMCID: PMC3746811 [Available on 2014/7/1]
PMID: 23764629  [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BMJ. 2013 Jun 21;346:f3443. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f3443.
Haider BA, Olofin I, Wang M, Spiegelman D, Ezzati M, Fawzi WW; Nutrition Impact
Model Study Group (anaemia).

Comment in
    BMJ. 2013;347:f4399.

OBJECTIVES: To summarise evidence on the associations of maternal anaemia and
prenatal iron use with maternal haematological and adverse pregnancy outcomes;
and to evaluate potential exposure-response relations of dose of iron, duration
of use, and haemoglobin concentration in prenatal period with pregnancy outcomes.
DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis
DATA SOURCES: Searches of PubMed and Embase for studies published up to May 2012 
and references of review articles.
STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of prenatal iron use and prospective 
cohort studies of prenatal anaemia; cross sectional and case-control studies were
excluded.
RESULTS: 48 randomised trials (17 793 women) and 44 cohort studies (1 851 682
women) were included. Iron use increased maternal mean haemoglobin concentration 
by 4.59 (95% confidence interval 3.72 to 5.46) g/L compared with controls and
significantly reduced the risk of anaemia (relative risk 0.50, 0.42 to 0.59),
iron deficiency (0.59, 0.46 to 0.79), iron deficiency anaemia (0.40, 0.26 to
0.60), and low birth weight (0.81, 0.71 to 0.93). The effect of iron on preterm
birth was not significant (relative risk 0.84, 0.68 to 1.03). Analysis of cohort 
studies showed a significantly higher risk of low birth weight (adjusted odds
ratio 1.29, 1.09 to 1.53) and preterm birth (1.21, 1.13 to 1.30) with anaemia in 
the first or second trimester. Exposure-response analysis indicated that for
every 10 mg increase in iron dose/day, up to 66 mg/day, the relative risk of
maternal anaemia was 0.88 (0.84 to 0.92) (P for linear trend<0.001). Birth weight
increased by 15.1 (6.0 to 24.2) g (P for linear trend=0.005) and risk of low
birth weight decreased by 3% (relative risk 0.97, 0.95 to 0.98) for every 10 mg
increase in dose/day (P for linear trend<0.001). Duration of use was not
significantly associated with the outcomes after adjustment for dose.
Furthermore, for each 1 g/L increase in mean haemoglobin, birth weight increased 
by 14.0 (6.8 to 21.8) g (P for linear trend=0.002); however, mean haemoglobin was
not associated with the risk of low birth weight and preterm birth. No evidence
of a significant effect on duration of gestation, small for gestational age
births, and birth length was noted.
CONCLUSIONS: Daily prenatal use of iron substantially improved birth weight in a 
linear dose-response fashion, probably leading to a reduction in risk of low
birth weight. An improvement in prenatal mean haemoglobin concentration linearly 
increased birth weight.

PMCID: PMC3689887
PMID: 23794316  [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Home visiting and outcomes of preterm infants: a systematic review.

Pediatrics. 2013 Sep;132(3):502-16. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-0077. Epub 2013 Aug12.
Goyal NK, Teeters A, Ammerman RT.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Home visiting is 1 strategy to improve child health
and parenting. Since implementation of home visiting trials 2 decades ago, US
preterm births (<37 weeks) have risen by 20%. The objective of this study was to 
review evidence regarding home visiting and outcomes of preterm infants
METHODS: Searches of Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health
Literature, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Controlled Trial
Register, PsycINFO, and Embase were conducted. Criteria for inclusion were (1)
cohort or controlled trial designs; (2) home-based, preventive services for
infants at medical or social risk; and (3) outcomes reported for infants born
preterm or low birth weight (<2500 g). Data from eligible reports were abstracted
by 2 reviewers. Random effects meta-analysis was used to synthesize data for
developmental and parent interaction measures.
RESULTS: Seventeen studies (15 controlled trials, 2 cohort studies) were
reviewed. Five outcome domains were identified: infant development, parent-infant
interaction, morbidity, abuse/neglect, and growth/nutrition. Six studies (n =
336) demonstrated a pooled standardized mean difference of 0.79 (95% confidence
interval 0.57 to 1.02) in Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment
Inventory scores at 1 year in the home-visited groups versus control. Evidence
for other outcomes was limited. Methodological limitations were common.
CONCLUSIONS: Reviewed studies suggest that home visiting for preterm infants
promotes improved parent-infant interaction. Further study of interventions
targeting preterm infants within existing programs may strengthen the impact and 
cost benefits of home visiting in at-risk populations.