Ahogamientos por inmersión no intencional. Análisis de las circunstancias y perfil epidemiológico de las víctimas atendidas en 21 servicios de urgencias españoles

Panzino, F.; Quintillá, J.M.; Luaces, C.; Pou, J.

Publicado en An Pediatr (Barc). 2013;78:178-84. - vol.78 núm 03


Objetivos
Conocer la frecuencia de los ahogamientos por inmersión no intencional (AINI) como motivo de consulta en los servicios de urgencias pediátricos. Definir el perfil epidemiológico de las víctimas. Analizar las circunstancias relacionadas con el pronóstico y la supervivencia.
Pacientes y métodos
Estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo y descriptivo sobre víctimas de ahogamientos por inmersión no intencional, visitados en 21 servicios de urgencias pediátricos entre junio y septiembre del 2009 y del 2010, respectivamente. Se recogieron datos de filiación, el entorno, la seguridad, la vigilancia, la necesidad de maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP), la tasa de hospitalización, las secuelas y la mortalidad.
Resultados
Sobre 234.566 consultas, 53 correspondieron a ahogamientos no intencionales por inmersión (frecuencia: 2,2/10.000 consultas en periodo estival; 64,2% varones). La mediana de edad fue 3,5 años (p25-75: 2,6-8,4), 34 tenían menos de 6 años. Ingresaron 32 niños. La mayoría de los ahogamientos ocurrieron de tarde (40), en agua dulce (49), en piscinas privadas (33) y desprotegidas (33). Las víctimas, principalmente niños sanos (40), no sabían nadar (38) ni llevaban sistema de flotación (37/38). En 42 casos falló la vigilancia. Acidosis (20) e hipoxemia (18) fueron los hallazgos más frecuentes. Murieron 5 niños, 4 eran sanos, ninguno sabía nadar ni llevaban flotador y en todos falló la vigilancia. Requirieron RCP 36 niños, mayormente aplicadas por familiares (15). En los fallecidos, la RCP se inició después de 3min. Dos sobrevivientes presentaron hemiparesia.
Conclusiones
Los AINI constituyen un motivo de consulta poco frecuente en los servicios de urgencias. Tener menos de 6 años de edad, no saber nadar, no usar flotadores en piscinas privadas desprotegidas y una vigilancia inadecuada aumentan el riesgo de sufrir un AINI y su morbilidad. Un tiempo de inmersión>10min, inicio de RCP>3min, acidosis, hiponatremia e hipotermia al llegar a urgencias aumentan la mortalidad. Capacitar a familiares en reanimación cardiopulmonar puede resultar útil.

Comentarios del blogger: Además de capacitar a las familias en reanimación cardiopulmonar, parece necesario recomendar que se instale una valla perimetral en todas las piscinas privadas a las que tengan acceso niños.

Well-Child Care Clinical Practice Redesign for Young Children: A Systematic Review of Strategies and Tools

PEDIATRICS 2013 Vol. 131 No. Supplement 1 March 1, pp. S5 -S25

Tumaini R. Coker, MD, MBA^a,^b,^c, 

Annika Windon, AB^d,

Candice Moreno, MD, MPH^a,^b, 

Mark A. Schuster, MD, PhD^e,^f, and

Paul J. Chung, MD, MS^a,^b,^c,^g

1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Various proposals have been made to redesign well-child care (WCC) for young children, yet no peer-reviewed publication has examined the evidence for these. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review on WCC clinical practice redesign for children aged 0 to 5 years.
   METHODS: PubMed was searched using criteria to identify relevant English-language articles published from January 1981 through February 2012. Observational studies, controlled trials, and systematic reviews evaluating efficiency and effectiveness of WCC for children aged 0 to 5 were selected. Interventions were organized into 3 categories: providers, formats (how care is provided; eg, non–face-to-face formats), and locations for care. Data were extracted by independent article review, including study quality, of 3 investigators with consensus resolution of discrepancies.
   RESULTS: Of 275 articles screened, 33 met inclusion criteria. Seventeen articles focused on providers, 13 on formats, 2 on locations, and 1 miscellaneous. We found evidence that WCC provided in groups is at least as effective in providing WCC as 1-on-1 visits. There was limited evidence regarding other formats, although evidence suggested that non-face-to-face formats, particularly web-based tools, could enhance anticipatory guidance and possibly reduce parents’ need for clinical contacts for minor concerns between well-child visits. The addition of a non–medical professional trained as a developmental specialist may improve receipt of WCC services and enhance parenting practices. There was insufficient evidence on nonclinical locations for WCC.
   CONCLUSIONS: Evidence suggests that there are promising WCC redesign tools and strategies that may be ready for larger-scale testing and may have important implications for preventive care delivery to young children in the United States.

Health Information Technology in Screening and Treatment of Child Obesity: A Systematic Review.

PEDIATRICS 2013 Vol. 131 No. 3 March 1, pp. e894 -e902

1. Anna Jo Smith, MPH, MSc^a,^b, 
2. Áine Skow, JD, MSc^a, 
3. Joann Bodurtha, MD, MPH^c, and 
4. Sanjay Kinra, MD, PhD^a

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Childhood obesity is a major problem in the United States, yet screening and treatment are often inaccessible or ineffective. Health information technology (IT) may improve the quality, efficiency, and reach of chronic disease management. The objective of this study was to review the effect of health IT (electronic health records [EHRs], telemedicine, text message or telephone support) on patient outcomes and care processes in pediatric obesity management.

METHODS: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Registry of Controlled Trials were searched from January 2006 to April 2012. Controlled trials, before-and-after studies, and cross-sectional studies were included if they used IT to deliver obesity screening or treatment to children aged 2 to 18 and reported impact on patient outcomes (BMI, dietary or physical activity behavior change) or care processes (BMI screening, comorbidity testing, diet, or physical activity counseling). Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed trial quality.

RESULTS: Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria. EHR use was associated with increased BMI screening rates in 5 of 8 studies. Telemedicine counseling was associated with changes in BMI percentile similar to that of in-person counseling and improved treatment access in 2 studies. Text message or telephone support was associated with weight loss maintenance in 1 of 3 studies.

CONCLUSIONS: To date, health IT interventions have improved access to obesity treatment and rates of screening. However, the impact on weight loss and other health outcomes remains understudied and inconsistent. More interactive and time-intensive interventions may enhance health IT's clinical effectiveness in chronic disease management.

School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18.

Dobbins M, Husson H, Decorby K, Larocca RL.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;2:CD007651. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007651.pub2.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.9 million deaths
worldwide are attributable to physical inactivity and at least 2.6 million deaths
are a result of being overweight or obese. In addition, WHO estimates that
physical inactivity causes 10% to 16% of cases each of breast cancer, colon, and 
rectal cancers as well as type 2 diabetes, and 22% of coronary heart disease and 
the burden of these and other chronic diseases has rapidly increased in recent
decades.
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence
of the effectiveness of school-based interventions in promoting physical activity
and fitness in children and adolescents.
SEARCH METHODS: The search strategy included searching several databases to
October 2011. In addition, reference lists of included articles and background
papers were reviewed for potentially relevant studies, as well as references from
relevant Cochrane reviews. Primary authors of included studies were contacted as 
needed for additional information.
SELECTION CRITERIA: To be included, the intervention had to be relevant to public
health practice (focused on health promotion activities), not conducted by
physicians, implemented, facilitated, or promoted by staff in local public health
units, implemented in a school setting and aimed at increasing physical activity,
included all school-attending children, and be implemented for a minimum of 12
weeks. In addition, the review was limited to randomized controlled trials and
those that reported on outcomes for children and adolescents (aged 6 to 18
years). Primary outcomes included: rates of moderate to vigorous physical
activity during the school day, time engaged in moderate to vigorous physical
activity during the school day, and time spent watching television. Secondary
outcomes related to physical health status measures including: systolic and
diastolic blood pressure, blood cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), maximal
oxygen uptake (VOmax), and pulse rate.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Standardized tools were used by two independent
reviewers to assess each study for relevance and for data extraction. In
addition, each study was assessed for risk of bias as specified in the Cochrane
Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Where discrepancies existed,
discussion occurred until consensus was reached. The results were summarized
narratively due to wide variations in the populations, interventions evaluated,
and outcomes measured.
MAIN RESULTS: In the original review, 13,841 records were identified and
screened, 302 studies were assessed for eligibility, and 26 studies were included
in the review. There was some evidence that school-based physical activity
interventions had a positive impact on four of the nine outcome measures.
Specifically positive effects were observed for duration of physical activity,
television viewing, VO max, and blood cholesterol. Generally, school-based
interventions had little effect on physical activity rates, systolic and
diastolic blood pressure, BMI, and pulse rate. At a minimum, a combination of
printed educational materials and changes to the school curriculum that promote
physical activity resulted in positive effects.In this update, given the addition
of three new inclusion criteria (randomized design, all school-attending children
invited to participate, minimum 12-week intervention) 12 of the original 26
studies were excluded. In addition, studies published between July 2007 and
October 2011 evaluating the effectiveness of school-based physical interventions 
were identified and if relevant included. In total an additional 2378 titles were
screened of which 285 unique studies were deemed potentially relevant. Of those
30 met all relevance criteria and have been included in this update. This update 
includes 44 studies and represents complete data for 36,593 study participants.
Duration of interventions ranged from 12 weeks to six years.Generally, the
majority of studies included in this update, despite being randomized controlled 
trials, are, at a minimum, at moderate risk of bias. The results therefore must
be interpreted with caution. Few changes in outcomes were observed in this update
with the exception of blood cholesterol and physical activity rates. For example 
blood cholesterol was no longer positively impacted upon by school-based physical
activity interventions. However, there was some evidence to suggest that
school-based physical activity interventions led to an improvement in the
proportion of children who engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity
during school hours (odds ratio (OR) 2.74, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.01 to 
3.75). Improvements in physical activity rates were not observed in the original 
review. Children and adolescents exposed to the intervention also spent more time
engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (with results across studies
ranging from five to 45 min more), spent less time watching television (results
range from five to 60 min less per day), and had improved VOmax (results across
studies ranged from 1.6 to 3.7 mL/kg per min). However, the overall conclusions
of this update do not differ significantly from those reported in the original
review.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence suggests the ongoing implementation of
school-based physical activity interventions at this time, given the positive
effects on behavior and one physical health status measure. However, given these 
studies are at a minimum of moderate risk of bias, and the magnitude of effect is
generally small, these results should be interpreted cautiously. Additional
research on the long-term impact of these interventions is needed.